Englische Konjugation, Hilfs- und Modalverben

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Werkzeugkiste: Tabellen Britisches vs. amerikanisches Englisch Hilfsverben, Modalverben Unregelmäßige Verben

Hilfsverben und Modalverben

Hilfsverben werden meistens zusammen mit einem Hauptverb verwendet, um einem Satz zusätzliche Bedeutung zu ergänzen.

Sie können auch verwendet werden, um Verben in zusammengesetzten Zeitformen zu konjugieren, um Ja-Nein-Fragen zu stellen und zu beantworten oder um Verneinung und Passiv auszudrücken.

A: “Do you like singing?” B: “Yes, I do!” (to like)
B: “Can I borrow your laptop?” B: “No, you can’t!” (to borrow)

“Be”, “do” und “have”

Das geläufigste Hilfsverb “be”, “have” and “do” werden als primäre Hilfsverben bezeichnet.

Sie haben sowohl Infinitive als auch unregelmäßig konjugierte Formen. Sie können manchmal allein als Hauptverben verwendet werden, z.B. “He does just as I say” (to do), “I had everything I needed” (to have), “We have never been to England” (to be).

Als Hilfsverb wird “be” hauptsächlich für Verlaufsformen verwendet, z.B. “I am learning English” (to learn) und für das Passiv, z.B. “She was raised by her mother” (to raise).

“Have” wird auch als Hilfsverb verwendet, um zusammengesetzten Zeitformen wie das gegenwärtige oder das vergangene Perfekt zu bilden, sowohl in der aktiv und in der passiv, z.B. “Have you tried to call him?” (to try), “He had been given a second chance” (to give).

“Have” ist das einzige Hilfsverb, das mit das mit Modalverben verwendet werden kann, um über mögliche vergangene Ereignisse zu sprechen, z.B. “He may have been right but we will never know for good.” (to be)

"Do" wird als Hilfsmittel verwendet, um Fragen und negative Sätze mit gewöhnlichen Verben zu bilden. In der gesprochenen Verneinungsform ändert sich „not“ in „-n’t“ , z.B. “Did you see that? – No, I did not / didn’t!” (to see).

Modalverben

Modalverben sind immer von der Infinitiv eines Hauptverbs ohne "to", gefolgt z.B. “You can leave now” (to leave), “She might know about this already” (to know).

Sie haben nur eine Form und können nicht mit anderen Hilfsformen konjugiert werden (keine Verlaufsformen oder Passivformen): Man kann nicht sagen “she musts”, “I am mighting” oder “you were coulded”. Verneinungsformen sind: “can’t”, “couldn’t”, “wouldn’t”, “shouldn’t”, “won’t” and “shan’t”.

Zwei Modalverben können als Vergangenheitsformen von anderen verwendet werden: can (present) could (past) und will (present, future) would (past).

“I think I can do this” “I thought I could do this”
“I know someone will help me” “I knew someone would help me”

“Need (to)”, “ought (to)”, “dare (to)” und “used to” sind halbmodale Verben: wie Modale können sie mitunter mit Hauptinflinitiven kombiniert werden, um neue verbale Ausdrücke zu schaffen.

Sowohl "kann" als auch "wird" funktionieren als regelmäßige Verben in bestimmten Kontexten, z.B. “Berries can be made into jam, frozen or cannedat home” (to can) und “I willed myself to sleep but it wouldn’t come” (to will).

Alle Modalverben sind Hilfsverben, aber nicht alle Hilfsverben sind Modalverben!

Beispiel für die Verwendung von Modalverben

Semantische Kategorie	Modalverb	Modalverb
Betonung	do/does/did	Actually I do know that, but thanks!
Fähigkeit	can be able to/am able to/are able to/is able to/was able to/were able to could	I can read pretty fast. She was not able to catch her plane. Could you finish the test yesterday?
Erlaubnis	can may could might	Can I leave now? May I come in? Could you close the window? Might I join you?
Verbot	cannot/can't must not/mustn't may not be not to	You can't walk on the grass. He must not fight with his sister. You may not smoke in this room. We are not to travel alone.
Verpflichtung / Ordnung	must have to/have got to be to will shall	We must stay quiet. You have to go now. I am to stay here and wait for her. You will stop answering back now! You shall work harder next time.
Pflicht / Beratung	should ought to must	He should study more seriously. You ought go to bed earlier. You must see this movie once in your life!
Notwendigkeit	must have to/has to/had to need to/needs to/needed to	He must stop complaining constantly. I have to catch my train at 8 am. I need to pay the rent every month.
Abwesenheit der Notwendigkeit	do not have to/don't have to/does not have to/doesn't have to/did not have to/didn't have to need not/needn't/needs not/do not need to/don't need to/does not ned to/doesn't need to/did not need to/didn't need to/needed not	You don't have to come if you don't want to. You needn't worry, he will be fine.
Schuldigkeit	will/'ll shall/'ll	I'll never lie to her again. I shall honour this promise.
Bitte /Einladung	shall will would	Shall we dance? Will you come to the party tonight? Would you please help me?
Unmöglichkeit	cannot/can't could not/couldn't will not/won't would not/wouldn't	This can't be right. He couldn't stop crying when he heard the news. Regrets won't help you now! I told you it just wouldn't work.
Sicherheit	will/'ll	That'll be him ringing the doorbell.
Wahrscheinlichkeit	should must cannot/can't	She should be home by now. They must be very proud. He can't be more than thirty.
Möglichkeit	could may might can	He could be dead already. It may or may not rain for the picnic. This might be the answer to my problem. It can be that she didn't want to bother you.
Angewohnheit	used to would	I used to play in this park when I was little. For years, she would visit her friends every Sunday.
Kühnheit	dare do not dare/don't dare/does not dare/doesn't dare/daren't did not dare/didn't dare/dared not	How dare you call me selfish? I don't dare look down from the top. She dared not complain about her bully.

Semantische Kategorie

Modalverb

Betonung

do/does/did

Actually I do know that, but thanks!

Fähigkeit

can

be able to/am able to/are able to/is able to/was able to/were able to

could

I can read pretty fast.

She was not able to catch her plane.

Could you finish the test yesterday?

Erlaubnis

can

may

could

might

Can I leave now?

May I come in?

Could you close the window?

Might I join you?

Verbot

cannot/can't

must not/mustn't

may not

be not to

You can't walk on the grass.

He must not fight with his sister.

You may not smoke in this room.

We are not to travel alone.

Verpflichtung / Ordnung

must

have to/have got to

be to

will

shall

We must stay quiet.

You have to go now.

I am to stay here and wait for her.

You will stop answering back now!

You shall work harder next time.

Pflicht / Beratung

should

ought to

must

He should study more seriously.

You ought go to bed earlier.

You must see this movie once in your life!

Notwendigkeit

must

have to/has to/had to

need to/needs to/needed to

He must stop complaining constantly.

I have to catch my train at 8 am.

I need to pay the rent every month.

Abwesenheit der Notwendigkeit

do not have to/don't have to/does not have to/doesn't have to/did not have to/didn't have to

need not/needn't/needs not/do not need to/don't need to/does not ned to/doesn't need to/did not need to/didn't need to/needed not

You don't have to come if you don't want to.

You needn't worry, he will be fine.

Schuldigkeit

will/'ll

shall/'ll

I'll never lie to her again.

I shall honour this promise.

Bitte /Einladung

shall

will

would

Shall we dance?

Will you come to the party tonight?

Would you please help me?

Unmöglichkeit

cannot/can't

could not/couldn't

will not/won't

would not/wouldn't

This can't be right.

He couldn't stop crying when he heard the news.

Regrets won't help you now!

I told you it just wouldn't work.

Sicherheit

will/'ll

That'll be him ringing the doorbell.

Wahrscheinlichkeit

should

must

cannot/can't

She should be home by now.

They must be very proud.

He can't be more than thirty.

Möglichkeit

could

may

might

can

He could be dead already.

It may or may not rain for the picnic.

This might be the answer to my problem.

It can be that she didn't want to bother you.

Angewohnheit

used to

would

I used to play in this park when I was little.

For years, she would visit her friends every Sunday.

Kühnheit

dare

do not dare/don't dare/does not dare/doesn't dare/daren't

did not dare/didn't dare/dared not

How dare you call me selfish?

I don't dare look down from the top.

She dared not complain about her bully.